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The bibliographical format below is taken from the
American Sociological Review.
References within the Text--
Cite the last name of the author and year of publication. Include
page references whenever you think it would help the reader. Later
references to the same source are cited in the same way as the first.
Quotations in the text should give page references.
If the author's name is in the
text, put the date in parentheses:
When Duncan
(1959) studied . . . .
If the author's name is not in the
text, enclose last name and year in parentheses:
When the
relationships were studied (Gouldner 1963) . . .
Pagination follows the year of
publication after a colon:
As tabulated
by Kuhn (1970:p.71) the results show . . .
For joint authors, give both last
names:
(Martin and
Bailey 1988)
For three authors, give all last
names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first
name and et al.:
(Carr, Smith,
and Jones 1962). . . .; (Carr et al. 1999) . . .
For four or more names, use the first author's last name plus et
al.: (Nilson
et al. 1962) . . .
For institutional authorship,
supply minimum identification from the beginning of the complete
citation:
(U.S. Bureau
of the Census 1963:117) . . . .
Separate a series of references
with a semicolon and alphabetize:
(Burgess 1968;
Marwell et al. 1971). . . .
For unpublished papers, cite the
date. If no date is given, use n.d. as in
Jones (n.d.) . . . .
For machine-readable data files,
cite authorship and date:
(Institute for
Survey Research 1976).
Footnotes--
Try to avoid footnotes, but if they
are necessary, use footnotes to cite materials of limited
availability or to add information presented in a table.
In the text, footnotes should be
numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript Arabic
numerals.
At the end of the paper in a
separate section following the references, type the footnotes in
numerical order, double-spaced, as a separate section.
References--
References follow the text in a section headed
REFERENCES.
one
author--
Mason, Karen. 1974. Women's Labor Force
Participation. Research Triangle Park, NC: National
Institutes of Health.
collection--
Clausen, John. 1972. "The Life Course of
Individuals." Pp. 457-514 in Aging and Society, vol. 3,
A Sociology of Stratification, edited by M.W. Riley, M.
Johnson, and A. Foner. New York: Russell Sage.
Because the nature of public documents is so varied, the form of
entry for documentation cannot be standardized. The essential rule is to
provide sufficient information so that the reader can locate the
reference easily. For example, see the following:
U.S. Census: U.S. Bureau of the
Census. 1990. Characteristics of Population. Vol. 1.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
legislation: Court cases and
legislative acts follow a format stipulated by legal publishers. The
act or case is listed first, followed by volume number, abbreviated
title, and the date of the work in which the act or case is found.
The volume number is given in Arabic numerals, and the date is
parenthesized. Court cases are italicized, but acts are not. For
example, see the following:
Higher Education Act of 1965. 79 Stat. (1965).
Kansas. Sessions Laws 1993.
(Because the
date is part of this title, it is not placed in parentheses.)
Ok. Rev. Stat. Title 22, Section 60.1.
State vs. Stewart, 763 P.2d 572 (Kan. 1998).
New York State Department of Labor. 1997. "Annual Labor Area
Report: New York City, Fiscal Year 1996" (BLMI Report, No. 28).
Albany: New York State Department of Labor.
Reports--
Bailey, Thomas. 1989. "Technology, Skills, and Education in the
apparel Industry," (Technical Report). National Center on
Education and Employment, Teachers College, Columbia University,
New York.
Scholarly
journal: Conger, Rand. 1997. "The Effects of Positive
Feedback on Direction and Amount of Verbalization in a Social
Setting." American Journal of Sociology 79: 1179-259.
Magazine:
Ziff, Larzer. "The Other Lost Generation," Saturday Review,
February 20, 1995, pp. 15-18.
Newspaper
editorial: Lafayette Journal & Courier, December
12, 1998, p. A-6.
Personal communication from the author, January 12, 1997
Unpublished manuscript.
Personal interview with Joseph P. Doaks, June 7, 1993.
Unpublished correspondence of Jennifer Forsythe, 1881-1885.
Cited with permission of the author's family.
(Cited from Purdue OWL 2005
http://owl.english.pudue.edu/
)
For more information
on the A.S.A. documentation style sheet, you can access the
following websites:
http://www.buffalostate.edu/library/research/asa.pdf
http://www.asanet.org/apap/quickstyle.html
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